MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUASI
•TUBUH SUDAH BERSEDIA UNTUK MELAHIRKAN
ANAK.
•TIAP-TIAP BULAN TELUR DIKELUARKAN DARI
OVARI. RAHIM PULA DISALUTI SATU LAPISAN DARAH UNTUK MENERIMA JANIN JIKA
PEREMPUAN ITU MENGANDUNG.
•JIKA TIADA SEKS DAN PERSENYAWAAN, TIADA
JANIN. SELAPUT DARAH ITU AKAN DENGAN SENDIRINYA LURUH/DIGUGURKAN.
•INI DIPANGGIL DARAH HAID.
Classification of menstrual
disorders
•Amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea
•Dysmenorrhea
•
•Menorrhagia
UTERINE FIBROID
What
are fibroids?
*Fibroids can grow as a single tumor,
or there can be many of them in the uterus.
*They can be as small as an apple seed
or as big as a grapefruit.
*In unusual cases they can become very
large.
Why should women know about fibroids?
•About
20 percent to 80 percent of women develop fibroids by the time they reach age
50.
•
•Fibroids
are most common in women in their 40s and early 50s.
•
•Not
all women with fibroids have symptoms.
•
•Women
who do have symptoms often find fibroids hard to live with.
•
•Some
have pain and heavy menstrual bleeding.
•
•Fibroids
also can put pressure on the bladder, causing frequent urination, or the
rectum, causing rectal pressure.
•
•Should
the fibroids get very large, they can cause the abdomen (stomach area) to
enlarge, making a woman look pregnant.
Who gets fibroids?
There
are factors that can increase a woman's risk of developing fibroids.
•Age.
Especially during
the 30s and 40s through menopause. After menopause, fibroids usually shrink.
•Family history.
If a
woman's mother had fibroids, her risk of having them is about three times
higher than average.
•Ethnic origin.
African-American
women are more likely to develop fibroids than white women.
•Obesity.
Women
who are overweight are at higher risk for fibroids.
•Eating habits.
Eating
a lot of red meat (e.g., beef) and ham is linked with a higher risk of
fibroids. Eating plenty of green vegetables seems to protect women from
developing fibroids.
What
are the
symptoms
of fibroids?
Most fibroids do not cause any symptoms, but some women with fibroids
can have:
•painful periods
•Feeling of fullness in the pelvic area (lower stomach area)
•Enlargement of the lower abdomen
•Frequent urination
•Pain during sex
•Lower back pain
•Complications during pregnancy and labor, including a six-time greater risk of cesarean section
•Reproductive problems
Where can fibroids grow?
Submucosal -
fibroids grow into the uterine cavity.
Intramural - fibroids grow within the wall of the uterus.
Subserosal -
fibroids grow on the outside of the
uterus.
What causes fibroids?
No one
knows for sure what causes fibroids. Researchers
think that more than one factor could play a role.
These factors could be:
•hormonal (affected by estrogen and
progesterone levels)
•genetic (runs in families)
They
grow rapidly during pregnancy, when hormone levels are high. They shrink when
anti-hormone medication is used. They also stop growing or shrink once a woman
reaches menopause.
Can fibroids turn into cancer?
Fibroids are almost always benign
(not cancerous).
Rarely (less than one in 1,000) a
cancerous fibroid will occur. This is called leiomyosarcoma.
What if I become pregnant and have
fibroids?
Women
who have fibroids are more likely to have problems during pregnancy and
delivery. This doesn't mean there will be problems. Most women with fibroids
have normal pregnancies. The most common problems seen in women with fibroids
are:
•Cesarean section.
The
risk of needing a c-section is six times greater for women with
fibroids.
•Baby is breech.
The
baby is not positioned well for vaginal delivery.
•Labor fails to progress.
•Placental abruption. The
placenta breaks away from the wall of the uterus before delivery. When this
happens, the fetus does not get enough oxygen.
•Preterm delivery.
Talk to
your obstetrician if you have fibroids and become pregnant. All obstetricians
have experience dealing with fibroids and pregnancy. Most women who have
fibroids and become pregnant do not need to see an OB who deals with high-risk
pregnancies.
How do I know for sure that I have
fibroids?
Your
doctor may find that you have fibroids when you see her or him for a regular
pelvic exam to check your uterus, ovaries, and vagina.
The
doctor can feel the fibroid with her or his fingers during an ordinary pelvic
exam, as a (usually painless) lump or mass on the uterus.
Often,
a doctor will describe how small or how large the fibroids are by comparing
their size to the size your uterus would be if you were pregnant.
For
example, you may be told that your fibroids have made your uterus the size it
would be if you were 16 weeks pregnant. Or the fibroid might be compared to
fruits, nuts, or a ball, such as a grape or an orange, an acorn or a walnut, or
a golf ball or a volleyball.
How do I know for sure that I have
fibroids?
Your
doctor can do imaging tests to confirm that you have fibroids.
These
are tests that create a "picture" of the inside of your body without
surgery.
These
tests might include:
Ultrasound
Uses
sound waves to produce the picture. The ultrasound probe can be placed on the
abdomen or it can be placed inside the vagina to make the picture.
How do I know for sure that I have
fibroids?
Your
doctor can do imaging tests to confirm that you have fibroids.
These
are tests that create a "picture" of the inside of your body without
surgery.
These
tests might include:
Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses
magnets and radio waves to produce the picture.
How are fibroids treated?
Most
women with fibroids do not have any symptoms.
Talk
with your doctor about the best way to treat your fibroids. She or he will
consider many things before helping you choose a treatment. Some of these
things include:
*whether
or not you are having symptoms from the fibroids.
*if you
might want to become pregnant in the future
the
size of the fibroids.
How are fibroids treated?
Most
women with fibroids do not have any symptoms.
•the
location of the fibroids
•your
age and how close to menopause you might be
If you
have fibroids but do not have any symptoms, you may not need treatment.
Your
doctor will check during your regular exams to see if they have grown.
How are fibroids treated?
vMedications
vSurgery
vMyomectomy
vHysterectomy
vEndometrial
Ablation
vMyolysis
vUterine
Fibroid Embolization
(UFE), or Uterine
Artery Embolization
(UAE) -
OVARIAN CYST
SYMPTOMS:
•NO
SYMPTOMS
•ABDOMINAL
DISTENSION
•PAIN
•PRESSURE
SYMPTOMS
OVARIAN CANCER
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